Which concept refers to the process of confirming a user's identity through additional verification steps beyond basic credentials?

Which concept refers to the process of confirming a user's identity through additional verification steps beyond basic credentials?

• A. Privacy
• B. Confidentiality
• C. Identity Proofing
• D. Non-Repudiation

Answer: (C)

Identity proofing is the process of confirming a user’s real identity by adding verification steps beyond just basic credentials. It goes beyond simply knowing a password by introducing additional checks such as presenting government-issued IDs, biometrics, security questions, or out-of-band verification codes. The aim is to establish a higher level of trust and assurance about who is attempting to access sensitive systems or perform critical actions, especially during account creation or high-risk transactions. This differs from privacy (protecting personal information), confidentiality (keeping data secret from unauthorized parties), and non-repudiation (ensuring a party cannot deny a transaction).